In chapter one, Kevern Verney begins by explaining the growth of the urban population in American society in the last decades of the 19th century due to internal migration and, mainly, immigration abroad.

Between 1880 and 1921, most immigrants came from southern and eastern European countries, but in the world war period, due to war conditions and also legal restrictions, European immigration fell and industrial growth led to a great migration (1915-1925) in which 7 million African Americans escaped racism in the rural southern United States to the cities. In fact, they were offended by the cities of the south for some reasons, such as the suffering of the economic condition and, on the other hand, the rise of industrial productions created job opportunities for the blacks in the north. Their situation in the north was better, although racism was present there.

At first, most large Northern cities had small African-American communities, but racial tensions gradually increased and segregation was formally extended in the cities.

After a time, whites and blacks found that in race relations they could not achieve any improvement.

By creating this idea about racism, the National Urban League (NUL) established itself as the leading civil rights organization in the 20th century.

In addition, Marcus Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and the League of African Communities and by 1923 it had a million members in the United States.

Chapter two devoted to the Great Depression (1928) and the aftermath of World War II (1939-45) for African Americans Verney explains the Great Depression as a dramatic global economic downturn that led to urban poverty, unemployment, and discrimination racial.
On the one hand, the administration of Republican President Herbert Hoover made a point to reduce disasters for blacks during the Great Depression, and on the other hand, the goals of the national civil rights organization for blacks were influenced by the Great Depression.

One of the most important African-American leaders emerged in 1920 who was named Philip Randolph. He founded the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP), which was the first black union. Later, in 1935, he became president of the National Negro Congress. NNC was established in order to unite black groups to deal with the problems of depression. But he was not able to cope with the problems.

With the victory of the Liberals in the presidential election, the New Deal was innovated to reform the people and economy of the United States during the Great Depression. In 1935, the National Youth Administration was established as a new agency under the supervision of an African American.
But, in practice, not all New Deal agencies stood out, but the New Deal as a whole was beneficial to African Americans.

In 1935 a union body for workers was formed which raised the political consciousness of black workers. All of these changes were a precondition for civil rights campaigns.
World War II also had notable results for African Americans, but the full impact of that was to further advance the changes put in place during the New Deal. In wartime a large number of blacks served in the US military and as a result their grassroots awareness increased and after the war expectations increased and unfortunately during the 1930’s and 1940’s there was little racial advancement in popular culture.

In chapter three he describes the effects of World War II on civil rights movements as a vital part of black struggles for freedom, and then Vernery turns to the civil rights process for African Americans.

By mid-1940, the National Democratic Party was divided on racial issues, with the North wing advocating a more liberal stance on civil rights issues and the South opposing any change in the status quo.

Truman authorized the creation of a rights committee to investigate the state of race relations in the United States in conducting the first third-party presidential election. In any case, the committee issues recommendations to desegregate transportation, public schools, and later the military.

The rise of civil rights at the end of World War II was destroyed by the politics of the cold war.

But then Third World newcomers rallied African Americans for civil rights, and on the other hand, anti-communist purges helped civil rights groups empower themselves. Civil rights groups during the 1950s and 1960s focused on issues such as the right to vote, but due to unrest, civil rights campaigns failed to address the problems of poverty and economic inequality.
Ultimately, all of these changes led to some advances for blacks, but the race relationship held sway in society.

In this chapter, the author also focused on great men like Martin Luther, Elijah, Muhammed, Malcolm, Jesse Jackson, but except for a brief mention of Ella Baker, the importance of women to the movement is virtually ignored.

Chapter 4 of this book deals with Black Power during the years 1965 and 1976. It pointed to Black Power followers who believed in black nationalism and the need to use violence as a means to achieve their goals.

As a result, a black power group organized a revolutionary action movement and later the Black Panther Party as an African-American organization.

But the most severe crackdown destroyed the Black Panthers and most of their leaders were killed or imprisoned. When Nixon became president he focused on the principle that the law should be colorblind and supported affirmative action, which is why during his time the integration of public schools in the enemy south took place the first time.

Chapter 5 begins with blackness during the 1980s. In the early 1980s, blacks achieved political success, but Jesse Jackson, who was running for the Democratic presidential nomination, did not hold any elected office. But he was able to establish Rainbow and PUSH, which were established to demand social programs, voting rights, and affirmative action. Totally race relations were reflected in American popular culture during the last 25 years of the 20th century.

In conclusion, it must be said that although African-Americans achieved some success, they have been ignored by many figures in the civil rights movement; in the last year of the 20th century, half of black children were still living in poverty, many blacks were in prison and… .

Verney is able to highlight key turning points and developments, their causes and consequences.
This book is invaluable to both students and readers who want an almanac of African American history.